Malaysia Biosphere Reserve Network
马来西亚生物圈保护区联盟
Malaysia: A Megadiverse Country, Home to Three UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
马来西亚：超级生物多样性国家，拥有三个联合国教科文组织生物圈保护区
With approximately 18 million hectares of forest, Malaysia hosts 70% of the known species of the world. Furthermore, a staggering 90% of the nation’s water supply originates from rivers flowing through these vital forest ecosystems.
Malaysia’s forest also serve as crucial nature-based solutions to environmental challenges, supporting national goals such as maintaining at least 50% of the country’s forest and tree cover, reducing carbon intensity by 45% by 2030 and achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Thousands of species of flora and fauna, across diverse ecosystems – from lowland forests and mangroves to mountain ranges and coral reefs – call Malaysia home. Its marine protected areas span hundreds of thousands of hectares across Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak, comprising coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests.
The global conservation landscape is facing unprecedented challenges with biodiversity loss accelerating at an alarming rate. Malaysia is not exempt from these pressures and continues to face its own complex environmental concerns. In response, the country maintains a strong commitment to addressing conservation and sustainability issues through various national and international efforts. As a reflection of its ecological significance at the global level, Malaysia is home to three (3) biosphere reserves recognised under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme:
- Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve (designated in 2009)
- Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (designated in 2014)
- Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (designated in 2021)
马来西亚是世界17个超级生物多样性国家之一，其陆生脊椎动物和维管植物物种丰富，特有性高。这份丰厚的生物遗产不仅是国家的骄傲，也为可持续发展奠定了基石。
马来西亚拥有约1800万公顷的森林，是全球70%已知物种的家园。此外，全国高达90%的水供，皆源自于流经这些关键森林生态系统的河流。
马来西亚的森林亦是应对环境挑战的关键“基于自然的解决方案”，助力实现多项国家目标，例如维持全国至少50%的森林与林地覆盖率、到2030年将碳排放强度降低45%，以及到2050年实现温室气体净零排。
成千上万种动植物以马来西亚为家园，广泛栖息于其多样化的生态系统中，涵盖了从低地森林、红树林到山脉与珊瑚礁的广阔环境。其海洋保护区总面积达数十万公顷，遍布马来西亚半岛、沙巴与砂拉越，范围涵盖珊瑚礁、海草床及红树林。
全球保育格局正面临前所未有的挑战，生物多样性正以惊人的速度加速流失。马来西亚同样无法幸免于这些压力，并持续应对着自身复杂的环境问题。为此，我国坚定地致力于通过国内外的多方努力，来解决保育及可持续发展等课题。马来西亚拥有三个隶属于联合国教科文组织“人与生物圈计划”的生物圈保护区，彰显其全球性的生态地位:
- 珍尼湖生物圈保护区（2009年）
- 克罗克山脉生物圈保护区（2014年）
- 升旗山生物圈保护区（2021年）
Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve, Pahang (2009) | 珍尼湖生物圈保护区，彭亨（2009）
A Precious Wetland of Myths, Nature, and Sustainability
融合神话、大自然与可持续的珍贵湿地
The Tasik Chini Rizab Biosfera (Tasik Chini Biosphere Reserve), designated by UNESCO in 2009 as Malaysia’s first UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) site. Spanning over 9,142.62 hectares, it comprises interconnected waterways, riparian zones, and lowland dipterocarp forests surrounding Peninsular Malaysia’s second largest freshwater lake.
Nestled in the heart of Pahang, Tasik Chini is a chain of 12 interconnected waterbodies covering over 12,500 acres. A barrage on the Chini River maintains water levels year-round, supporting both wetland habitats and ecotourism. Local jakun communities believe the lake is home to Naga Sri Gumum, a mythical dragon often referred to as the “Loch Ness of Malaysia”.
The Biosphere Reserve is a biodiversity hotspot with over 785 plant species recorded, including vulnerable endemics like Hopea pubescens and Nephelium costatum. Wildlife thrives here: 14 amphibians, 39 reptiles, 184 birds, and 67 mammal species, including the Near Threatened Raffles Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis). A new species of dragonfly, Chalybeothemis chini, was first discovered in this area.
The indigenous Jakun communities — particularly in Gumum, Tanjung Puput, Cendahan, and Melai — depend on the lake for water, food, and cultural identity. They actively participate in conservation and sustainable development initiatives, balancing tradition and modern livelihood while safeguarding the lake’s ecological integrity.
珍尼湖生物圈保护区于2009年获得联合国教科文组织指定为马来西亚首个的人与生物圈计划保护区。该保护区面积达 9,142.62 公顷，涵盖相互连通的水道、河岸带，以及环绕马来半岛第二大淡水湖的低地龙脑香林。
珍尼湖位于彭亨州中心地带，由12个相互连通的水体组成，面积超过1万2500英亩。珍尼河上的拦河坝全年维持湖水水位，既支持湿地生态系统，也推动生态旅游发展。当地的嘉坤原住民社区相信湖中栖息着名为 “Naga Sri Gumum” 的神秘巨龙，被誉为“马来西亚的尼斯湖水怪”。
此生物圈保护区是生物多样性热点区域，记录在册的植物物种超785种，其中包括似毛坡垒(Hopea pubescens) 与海南韶子(Nephelium costatum)等易危特有种。野生生物于此繁衍生息：涵盖14种两栖动物、39种爬行动物、184种鸟类及67种哺乳动物，此外，一种新发现的蜻蜓，金池灰蜻（Chalybeothemis chini）也首次在此地被发现。
原住民嘉坤社区，尤其是居于古蒙村、丹绒蒲芦、Cendahan及Melai的部落，这些区域的饮水、食物来源与文化认同皆仰赖此湖。他们积极参与保护与可持续性发展行动，在维系传统与现代生计的同时，全力守护湖泊的生态完整性。
Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR), Sabah (2014) | 克罗克山脉生物圈保护区，沙巴（2014）
兼具社会文化与生态可持续性的经济及人文发展典范
The Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR), designated by UNESCO in 2014, spans approximately 350,584 hectares in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, making it the largest biosphere reserve in the country.
Nestled along the western flanks of Mount Kinabalu, CRBR encompasses a mosaic of ecosystems — including lowland dipterocarp forests, hill-montane woodlands, and cloud forests rising above 1,500 m in altitude. The reserve serves as a critical water catchment area for eight (8) major rivers that support more than a million people across Sabah.
Biodiversity within the CRBR is remarkably rich, with over 300 documented flowering plant species, including two (2) endemic Rafflesia species, and an estimated 101 mammals (such as orangutans, sun bears, and clouded leopards), 259 bird species, 63 amphibians, 47 reptiles, and 42 freshwater fish species.
Management of the Reserve follows UNESCO’s three‑zone model: a strictly protected core area (Crocker Range Park and adjacent forest reserves totaling approximately 144,492 ha), a buffer zone (approximately 60,313 ha) for research and education, and a transition area (approximately 145,779 ha) encompassing 399 local villages. The Community Use Zone (CUZ) concept allows indigenous and local communities to engage in sustainable resource use under co‑management schemes, preserving traditional knowledge while protecting biodiversity.
CRBR embodies the integrated UNESCO MAB mandate by balancing conservation, socio-economic development, and logistic support functions — supporting scientific research, ecotourism, education, and inclusive governance among multiple stakeholders.
克罗克山脉生物圈保护区在2014年获得联合国教科文组织的认证。此保护区位于马来西亚婆罗洲的沙巴，总面积约350,584公顷，是马来西亚面积最大的生物圈保护区。
克罗克山脉生物圈保护区坐落在神山（京那巴鲁山）的西侧山脊，拥有层次丰富的生态系统组合，包括低地龙脑香林、山地树林以及海拔1500米以上的云雾林。该保护区作为八条主要河流的集水区，滋养着沙巴州超百万居民的水源供给。
克罗克生物圈保护区内生物多样性极为丰富，目前已记录开花植物逾300种（其中包括两种特有大王花品种），并估计拥有101种哺乳动物（如红毛猩猩、马来熊与云豹）、259种鸟类、63种两栖动物、47种爬行动物及42种淡水鱼类。
此保护区的管理遵循联合国教科文组织的三区模式：严格保护的核心区（克罗克山脉公园及相邻森林保护区，总面积约144,492公顷）、用于科研教育的缓冲区（约60,313公顷），以及涵盖399个原住民村落的过渡区（约145,779公顷）。通过社区共用区理念，原住民与当地社区可在共同管理机制下进行可持续资源利用，既保护生物多样性，又传承传统知识。
克罗克山脉生物圈保护区完美践行了联合国教科文组织人与生物圈计划的综合使命，通过统筹保护、社会经济发展和科研支撑三大功能，以推动科学研究、生态旅游、环境教育发展的同时，更实现了多方利益相关者共同参与的包容性治理模式。
Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, Penang (2021) | 升旗山生物圈保护区，槟城（2021）
槟岛瑰宝 — 守护自然，共庆文化
The Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve (PHBR), recognised under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme on 15 September 2021, covers 12,481 hectares comprising 7,285 hectares of terrestrial ecosystems and 5,196 hectares of marine areas. It represents a distinctive landscape where natural and cultural heritage are conserved together in unison.
The PHBR contains a unique mosaic of habitats, including primary lowland dipterocarp rainforest, hill dipterocarp forest with sub-montane elements, mangroves, sandy beaches, rocky shores, freshwater rivers, waterfalls, and artificial lakes at dams serving as major water catchment areas for the island. It also encompasses one (1) of only five (5) meromictic lakes in Asia.
The reserve harbours thousands of plant species and a rich variety of animal life, including many that are endemic or listed as being of conservation concern on the IUCN Red List. It plays a vital role in safeguarding ecosystem services such as water regulation, hill slope stabilisation, and habitat connectivity that maintain biodiversity and benefit local communities.
The PHBR also reflects centuries of cultural history and traditional knowledge embedded within the landscape. By integrating conservation, socio-economically sustainable activities, and education, the PHBR demonstrates the principles of a biosphere reserve, contributing to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves as a living example of nature and culture coexisting in balance.
升旗山生物圈保护区于2021年9月15日获联联合国教科文组织的人与生物圈计划内的生物圈保护区，总面积1万2481公顷，其中陆地生态系统7,285公顷，海域面积5,196公顷。此保护区代表了一种独特的自然与文化遗产协同共保的地景范式。
升旗山生物圈保护区拥有独特的多种生态系统，包括原生低地龙脑香雨林、具亚山地特征的山地龙脑香林、红树林、沙滩、岩岸、淡水河流、瀑布以及承担槟岛主要集水功能的水坝人工湖。该保护区更拥有全亚洲仅有的五个分层湖之一。
此保护区蕴藏着数千种植物物种及丰富的动物群落，其中许多属特有种或被列入《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》的受胁物种。其在维系水源调节、山坡稳定和栖息地连通性等生态系统服务方面发挥着至关重要的作用，这些生态功能不仅维护了生物多样性，更惠及当地社区。
升旗山生物圈保护区也彰显了数百年来蕴藏于这片土地上的文化历史与传统知识。通过融合保护工作、社会经济可持续活动与教育，升旗山生物圈保护区充分体现了生物圈保护区的核心原则，并作为自然与文化和谐共生的生动典范，为世界生物圈保护区网络作出贡献。
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